Umxholo
- Ngawaphi amalungelo otyelelo abanalo ootatomkhulu noomakhulu?
- Isikhokelo somthetho
- 1. Imimiselo yokutyelelwa ethintelayo
- 2. Imigaqo yokutyelela evumelekileyo-
- Isigwebo seNkundla ePhakamileyo kumalungelo ootatomkhulu noomakhulu
- ITroxel v Granville, 530 US 57 (2000)
- Isigqibo senkundla
- Zithini iziphumo zeTroxel vs Granville?
- Ukuba ufuna amalungelo okundwendwela umakhulu notatomkhulu, ngaba kufuneka uye enkundleni?
Ngawaphi amalungelo otyelelo abanalo ootatomkhulu noomakhulu?
Kude kube zii-1970, utyelelo olukhulu kunye nelungelo lokugcina zazingekho. Kude kube kutshanje amalungelo okundwendwela asebenza kuphela kubazali bomntwana. Ngethamsanqa, namhlanje ilizwe ngalinye lenze imithetho enxulumene namalungelo okundwendwela utatomkhulu kunye nabanye abantu abangabazali. Abangengobazali banokubandakanya abantu abanjengabazali bomtshato wesibini, abakhathaleli kunye nabazali abangabondli.
Isikhokelo somthetho
Ukunika ilungelo lotatomkhulu nomakhulu lokundwendwela, ilizwe ngalinye lifake izikhokelo ezisemthethweni. Injongo yoku kukuvumela ootatomkhulu ukuba baqhubeke nokunxibelelana nabazukulwana babo.
Zimbini iintlobo zomthetho ezikhoyo ngokubhekisele kulo mba.
1. Imimiselo yokutyelelwa ethintelayo
Oku kuvumela kuphela ilungelo lokundwendwela utatomkhulu xa omnye okanye bobabini abazali beswelekile okanye ukuba abazali baqhawule umtshato.
2. Imigaqo yokutyelela evumelekileyo-
Oku kuvumela umntu wesithathu okanye ilungelo lokutyelela utatomkhulu emntwaneni nokuba abazali basatshatile okanye basaphila. Njengazo zonke iimeko, inkundla iya kuthathela ingqalelo iimfuno zomntwana. Iinkundla zigwebe ukuba utyelelo luyavunyelwa ukuba bakholelwa ukuba kokona kulungileyo komntwana ukunxibelelana notatomkhulu nomakhulu wakhe
Isigwebo seNkundla ePhakamileyo kumalungelo ootatomkhulu noomakhulu
Phantsi komgaqo-siseko wase-US, abazali banelungelo elisemthethweni lokwenza izigqibo malunga nendlela abakhuliswa ngayo abantwana babo.
ITroxel v Granville, 530 US 57 (2000)
Le yimeko apho amalungelo otyelelo loomakhulu ayefunwa emva konina wabantwana, uTommie Granville, banciphisa ukufikelela kwabo kubantwana kutyelelo olunye ngenyanga nangeeholide ezithile. Ngaphantsi komthetho welizwe laseWashington, umntu wesithathu unokufuna ukufaka izicelo kwiinkundla zikarhulumente ukuze bafumane amalungelo okundwendwela abantwana ngaphandle kwayo nayiphi na inkcaso yabazali.
Isigqibo senkundla
Isigwebo seNkundla ePhakamileyo kumalungelo okundwendwela kukaTommie Granville njengomzali kunye nokusetyenziswa komthetho waseWashington, kwaphula amalungelo akhe njengomzali ukwenza izigqibo malunga nolawulo, ukugcinwa kunye nokhathalelo lwabantwana bakhe.
Phawula - Akukho nto ifunyenweyo yinkundla malunga nokuba yonke imimiselo yokundwendwela engengomzali yaphula uMgaqo-siseko. Isigqibo esenziwe yinkundla sasithintelwe kuphela eWashington kunye nommiselo ababewenza.
Ngapha koko, yabanjwa yinkundla ukuba umthetho waseWashington ubanzi kakhulu kwindalo yawo. Kungenxa yokuba yayivumela inkundla ukuba isigqibe isigqibo somzali malunga nelungelo lokutyelela umakhulu. Esi sigqibo senziwe nangona umzali ekwimeko apho anokuthi enze isigqibo esifanelekileyo ngokugqibeleleyo ngalo mbandela.
Ummiselo wavumela ijaji ukuba inike amalungelo okundwendwela kuye nawuphina umntu owenza uxwebhu lwezikhalazo ngala malungelo ukuba ijaji igqibe ekubeni yeyona nto ibaluleke kakhulu emntwaneni. Oku ke kugqitha kumgwebo nakwisigqibo sabazali. Inkundla ibambe ukuba umthetho waseWashington wophule ilungelo labazali lokukhulisa abantwana babo ukuba ijaji inike eli gunya.
Zithini iziphumo zeTroxel vs Granville?
- Inkundla ayifumananga ukuba imithetho yokutyelelwa ayihambelani nomgaqo-siseko.
- Abakhalazi abavela kwiqela lesithathu bavunyelwe kuwo onke amazwe ukuba bafune amalungelo okundwendwela.
- Amazwe amaninzi athathela ingqalelo amalungelo okundwendwela ngabantu besithathu njengoxanduva oluncinci kubazali banelungelo lokulawula indlela abakhulisa ngayo abantwana babo.
- Emva kwetyala likaTroxel, uninzi lwamazwe ngoku lubeka ubunzima obukhulu kwisigqibo somzali ofanelekileyo ngokubhekisele kokulungileyo emntwaneni wakhe xa esenza isigqibo sokuba awanike amalungelo okundwendwela, ngakumbi amalungelo okutyelela ootatomkhulu.
Ukuba ufuna amalungelo okundwendwela umakhulu notatomkhulu, ngaba kufuneka uye enkundleni?
Rhoqo le micimbi inokuqwalaselwa ngaphandle kokubhenela ekubeni ityala lixoxwe enkundleni. Ukulamla kuhlala kuyindlela eyimpumelelo yokusombulula iimbambano ngaphandle kweendleko zemali zokubeka umba phambi kwenkundla ukusombulula iingxaki zamalungelo otyelelo lootatomkhulu.